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1 Noils
The short fibres abstracted when combing wool. These are spun again and generally dyed. Ordinary noils contain a percentage of vegetable matter and when free from this the term "Clear noil " is used. Silk noils are the broken and short fibres that are left when waste silk has been torn up, dressed and combed. -
2 Wool Noils
Short fibres abstracted during the process of combing wool. Such material is regarded by the worsted spinner as waste and is sold. It is bought by spinners of woollen yarns and as it is new wool of undamaged though short staple it is a valuable component when suitably blended with other wools, etc. -
3 wool noils
English-Russian dictionary on textile and sewing industry > wool noils
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4 Carbonised Noils
Wool noils that have been carbonised; the value is increased by the process. -
5 Botany Noils
The waste from combing wool of good quality (see Noils) -
6 Cartwright, Revd Edmund
[br]b. 24 April 1743 Marnham, Nottingham, Englandd. 30 October 1823 Hastings, Sussex, England[br]English inventor of the power loom, a combing machine and machines for making ropes, bread and bricks as well as agricultural improvements.[br]Edmund Cartwright, the fourth son of William Cartwright, was educated at Wakefield Grammar School, and went to University College, Oxford, at the age of 14. By special act of convocation in 1764, he was elected Fellow of Magdalen College. He married Alice Whitaker in 1772 and soon after was given the ecclesiastical living of Brampton in Derbyshire. In 1779 he was presented with the living of Goadby, Marwood, Leicestershire, where he wrote poems, reviewed new works, and began agricultural experiments. A visit to Matlock in the summer of 1784 introduced him to the inventions of Richard Arkwright and he asked why weaving could not be mechanized in a similar manner to spinning. This began a remarkable career of inventions.Cartwright returned home and built a loom which required two strong men to operate it. This was the first attempt in England to develop a power loom. It had a vertical warp, the reed fell with the weight of at least half a hundredweight and, to quote Gartwright's own words, "the springs which threw the shuttle were strong enough to throw a Congreive [sic] rocket" (Strickland 19.71:8—for background to the "rocket" comparison, see Congreve, Sir William). Nevertheless, it had the same three basics of weaving that still remain today in modern power looms: shedding or dividing the warp; picking or projecting the shuttle with the weft; and beating that pick of weft into place with a reed. This loom he proudly patented in 1785, and then he went to look at hand looms and was surprised to see how simply they operated. Further improvements to his own loom, covered by two more patents in 1786 and 1787, produced a machine with the more conventional horizontal layout that showed promise; however, the Manchester merchants whom he visited were not interested. He patented more improvements in 1788 as a result of the experience gained in 1786 through establishing a factory at Doncaster with power looms worked by a bull that were the ancestors of modern ones. Twenty-four looms driven by steam-power were installed in Manchester in 1791, but the mill was burned down and no one repeated the experiment. The Doncaster mill was sold in 1793, Cartwright having lost £30,000, However, in 1809 Parliament voted him £10,000 because his looms were then coming into general use.In 1789 he began working on a wool-combing machine which he patented in 1790, with further improvements in 1792. This seems to have been the earliest instance of mechanized combing. It used a circular revolving comb from which the long fibres or "top" were. carried off into a can, and a smaller cylinder-comb for teasing out short fibres or "noils", which were taken off by hand. Its output equalled that of twenty hand combers, but it was only relatively successful. It was employed in various Leicestershire and Yorkshire mills, but infringements were frequent and costly to resist. The patent was prolonged for fourteen years after 1801, but even then Cartwright did not make any profit. His 1792 patent also included a machine to make ropes with the outstanding and basic invention of the "cordelier" which he communicated to his friends, including Robert Fulton, but again it brought little financial benefit. As a result of these problems and the lack of remuneration for his inventions, Cartwright moved to London in 1796 and for a time lived in a house built with geometrical bricks of his own design.Other inventions followed fast, including a tread-wheel for cranes, metallic packing for pistons in steam-engines, and bread-making and brick-making machines, to mention but a few. He had already returned to agricultural improvements and he put forward suggestions in 1793 for a reaping machine. In 1801 he received a prize from the Board of Agriculture for an essay on husbandry, which was followed in 1803 by a silver medal for the invention of a three-furrow plough and in 1805 by a gold medal for his essay on manures. From 1801 to 1807 he ran an experimental farm on the Duke of Bedford's estates at Woburn.From 1786 until his death he was a prebendary of Lincoln. In about 1810 he bought a small farm at Hollanden near Sevenoaks, Kent, where he continued his inventions, both agricultural and general. Inventing to the last, he died at Hastings and was buried in Battle church.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsBoard of Agriculture Prize 1801 (for an essay on agriculture). Society of Arts, Silver Medal 1803 (for his three-furrow plough); Gold Medal 1805 (for an essay on agricultural improvements).Bibliography1785. British patent no. 1,270 (power loom).1786. British patent no. 1,565 (improved power loom). 1787. British patent no. 1,616 (improved power loom).1788. British patent no. 1,676 (improved power loom). 1790, British patent no. 1,747 (wool-combing machine).1790, British patent no. 1,787 (wool-combing machine).1792, British patent no. 1,876 (improved wool-combing machine and rope-making machine with cordelier).Further ReadingM.Strickland, 1843, A Memoir of the Life, Writings and Mechanical Inventions of Edmund Cartwright, D.D., F.R.S., London (remains the fullest biography of Cartwright).Dictionary of National Biography (a good summary of Cartwright's life). For discussions of Cartwright's weaving inventions, see: A.Barlow, 1878, The History and Principles of Weaving by Hand and by Power, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester. F.Nasmith, 1925–6, "Fathers of machine cotton manufacture", Transactions of theNewcomen Society 6.H.W.Dickinson, 1942–3, "A condensed history of rope-making", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 23.W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (covers both his power loom and his wool -combing machine).RLHBiographical history of technology > Cartwright, Revd Edmund
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7 Camel Hair
The soft downy hair from the haunches and under part of the camel. Length of fibre is 4 in up to 10 in. The yarn is a soft worsted type and much used for carpets, hosiery, hatting, dressing gowns rugs etc. Spun into about 30's counts and then into two fold or three fold yarns. This hair is strong and soft and of a brown colour, and it is difficult to bleach. Each animal yields about 10-lb annually. The longer and coarser hair is used for belting. Obtained chiefly from China and Russia. On arrival in Bradford the hair is scoured carded and combed, and the tops and noils produced are a regular market article. There is a steady consumption of the long hair in the carpet industry and of the noils in the hosiery and hatting trades. A certain quantity of coarse hair is used in the belting industry, and a smaller amount is used in making waterproof hoods for motor cars. Dyed blends of strong hair and wool are sometimes called camel hair and are sold for making filter cloths and other mechanical services. The best " camel's hair brushes used by artists are said to be made from squirrel tails hair of the camel is almost never used for brushes. -
8 African Wools
Splendid wools are now being produced in the Cape and Natal. For many years it had been recognised that the climate was very suited to the growth of high-class merino wool and the development of good types is a result of the building up from judicial infusion of better known merino types, and with the support of the South African Government, great progress has been effected. Formerly, much of the Cape merino was shorn twice yearly, and, in fact, shearing was often a matter of degree, according to the circumstance of the grower. Thus, we frequently saw designations as "4 months", "6 months", "8 to 10 months", "10 to 12 months", "12 months", and even "14 months". But of late years this early shearing is diminishing, and thus more valuable combing wools are reaching the world centres. Formerly, much of the Cape merino was unattractive, and low yielding, making it difficult of estimation. Today, we often see magnificent 64/70's warp wools and a yield of 15 per cent to 20 per cent higher than formerly. The bulk of the Cape wools are beautifully fine, soft, and of a very white colour, and the noils from these wools also have a higher value than from most other merino wools. The production has also increased materially within recent years, and the South African contribution is now a valuable one to U.S.A., Great Britain, the Continent and Japan. East African wools are still in their infancy as regards character and amount. But the climate seems to be suitable for crossbred production, and of late years importation of good breeds for crossing and improving the native types lend support to the belief in the future of East Africa as a wool-producing area. -
9 Navy Cloth, U.S.A.
NAVY CLOTH, U.S.A.This is a clothing fabric made for the Government of the United States for Navy uses. The cloth has to be " all wool, made entirely of fine or fine medium fleece wool, free from re-worked wools, shoddy, noils, waste, kemp, flocks and any other impurities; to be 54-in. wide inside of of the selvedge, to weigh 14-oz. per linear yard, and to have a finish similar to that of a kersey; the colour shall be standard navy blue."Dictionary of the English textile terms > Navy Cloth, U.S.A.
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10 Soft Waste
This comprises the fibre that flies off the carding machine, noils from the combing machine, stubbing waste and roving waste. All these wastes can be reused at once by running them back into the carding machine along with new wool. -
11 gyapjúhulladék
(EN) noil; noils; tag-wool -
12 Tops
Combed wools used for the manufacture of worsted yarns. The combing removes short fibres (noils) and parallelises the long fibres. The degree of fineness of tops indicates the spinning counts, but not the limit. Authorities consulted suggest the following as a basis from which infinite variations are made in practice. The figures given are not offered as a standard, but form a good working basis: -
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13 Heilmann, Josué (Joshua)
SUBJECT AREA: Textiles[br]b. 1796 Alsaced. 1848[br]Alsatian inventor of the first machine for combing cotton.[br]Josué Heilmann, of Mulhouse, was awarded 5,000 francs offered by the cotton spinners of Alsace for a machine that would comb cotton. It was a process not hitherto applied to this fibre and, when perfected, enabled finer, smoother and more lustrous yarns to be spun. The important feature of Heilmann's method was to use a grip or nip to hold the end of the sliver that was being combed. Two or more combs passed through the protruding fibres to comb them thoroughly, and a brush cylinder and knife cleared away the noils. The combed section was passed forward so that the part held in the nip could then be combed. The combed fibres were joined up with the length already finished. Heilmann obtained a British patent in 1846, but no machines were put to work until 1851. Six firms of cotton spinners in Lancashire paid £30,000 for the cotton-combing rights and Marshall's of Leeds paid £20,000 for the rights to comb flax. Heilmann's machine was used on the European continent for combing silk as well as flax, wool and cotton, so it proved to be very versatile. Priority of his patent was challenged in England because Lister had patented a combing machine with a gripper or nip in 1843; in 1852 the parties went to litigation and cross-suits were instituted. While Heilmann obtained a verdict of infringement against Lister for certain things, Lister also obtained one against Heilmann for other matters. After this outcome, Heilmann's patent was bought on speculation by Messrs Akroyd and Titus Salt for £30,000, but was afterwards resold to Lister for the same amount. In this way Lister was able to exploit his own patent through suppressing Heilmann's.[br]Bibliography1846, British patent no. 11,103 (cotton-combing machine).Further ReadingFor descriptions of his combing machine see: W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; T.K.Derry and T.I.Williams, 1960, A Short History of Technology from the Earliest Times to AD 1900, Oxford; and C.Singer (ed.), 1958, A History of Technology, Vol.IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press.RLHBiographical history of technology > Heilmann, Josué (Joshua)
См. также в других словарях:
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Noils — Noils, n. pl. [Etymol. uncertain.] Waste and knots of wool removed by the comb; combings. [1913 Webster] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
noils — short strands and knots combed out of wool fibre before spinning. → noil … English new terms dictionary
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From top to toe — Top Top, n. [AS. top; akin to OFries. top a tuft, D. top top, OHG. zopf end, tip, tuft of hair, G. zopf tuft of hair, pigtail, top of a tree, Icel. toppr a tuft of hair, crest, top, Dan. top, Sw. topp pinnacle, top; of uncertain origin. Cf.… … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English
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Noil — This article is about Noil. For NOIL (Nordre Oppdalen Idrettslag), see Nordre Oppdalen Idrettslag. Hand Dyed Silk Noil Noil is the short fiber left over from combing wool or spinning silk and used as a decorative additive for many spinning… … Wikipedia
Combing — For the video visual defect artifact, see Interlace. Noble comber in Bradford Combing is a method for preparing carded fibre for spinning. It separates out the short fibres by means of a rotating ring of steel pins. The fibres in the top it… … Wikipedia
